Cryotherapy Produces Pain Relief in Young People with Primary Dysmenorrhea.

Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized as painful menstruation without associated pelvic disease and has been considered common among young people of reproductive age. Cryotherapy is a technique aimed at analgesia and anti-inflammatory action. The objective of this study was to analyze the analgesic efficacy of cryotherapy in sedentary youth with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods were included sedentary, affected by primary dysmenorrhea. The analysis of pain intensity by visual analog scale (VAS) and the Brazilian Version of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire were used for evaluation. The participants were randomly separated into a control group (CG, n = 10) and a cryotherapy group (CryoG, n = 10). The evaluations and treatment occurred during a menstrual cycle, with three interventions, in the initial 3 days of higher menstrual flow history report. CG showed a reduction in pain when comparing the 1st with the 4th day of assessment; CryoG showed a daily reduction in VAS; for the pain questionnaire, cryotherapy showed a reduction in interference with sleep dysmenorrhea; and for all other variables, although there was no significant difference, a large effect size was observed. Cryotherapy was effective in reducing pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea, with indication of clinical improvement in daily living activities.

Morphological effects of whole-body vibration on remobilization of the tibialis anterior muscle of Wistar rats.

Therapeutic immobilization is a common treatment for the locomotor system; however, it causes loss of muscle due to disuse, leading to protein degradation and generating atrophy of muscle cells, ultimately changing functionality. In this sense, it is important for remobilization to be initiated early and performed with appropriate therapeutic strategies that enable tissue and functional recovery. One method of remobilization is physical exercise, among which whole body vibration (WBV) has been highlighted and mainly applied in people with reduced mobility. However, there are gaps on the morphological effects WBV has on muscle tissue, so in this study we analyzed the histomorphometry of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) of Wistar rats remobilized using WBV. For the experiment, 32 male Wistar rats were used and divided into four groups (n = 8/group). Groups consisted of: control (CG), immobilized (IG), immobilized and remobilized freely (FG), and immobilized and remobilized with WBV (WG). After the experimental period, the TA was collected and processed for analysis in light microscopy. When compared to the control group, significant morphological changes were observed, which characterize muscle atrophy and reduction of all histomorphometric parameters of the TA of the immobilized animals. Remobilized animals showed improvement in all parameters, and the WBV was not different from the free remobilization, except for the reduction of central nuclei, which can be related to acceleration of the process of tissue regeneration. Thus, we can conclude that the WBV can have an impact on the acceleration of the muscle regenerative process, and may be beneficial in people with reduced mobility.

Evaluation of nociception induced by whole-body vibration remobilization in Wistar rats / Avaliação da nocicepção induzida pela remobilização com vibração de corpo inteiro em ratos Wistar

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The vibrating platform can attenuate the deleterious effects of immobilization related to muscle atrophy. However, there is still a gap regarding the effect of this modality on hyperalgesia related to immobilization. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of remobilization with whole-body vibration on the nociception of Wistar rats. METHODS: Sixteen rats were randomly distributed into two groups: the FRG group - immobilization and free remobilization and the VPRG - immobilization and remobilization with the vibrating platform. For remobilization with the vibrating platform, the frequency of 60Hz for 10 minutes, five days a week for two weeks was used. The nociception was evaluated on the right paw by a digital analgesiometer, before and at the end of the immobilization, and after two weeks of remobilization. RESULTS: There were differences between evaluations but not between groups, indicating that immobilization reduced the nociceptive threshold and free remobilization, and the remobilization associated with vibration improved the nociceptive threshold compared to the post-immobilization moment. However, they were not able to return to the initial parameters. CONCLUSION: Joint immobilization reduced the nociceptive threshold; however, two weeks of whole-body vibration remobilization were not able to revert the threshold in the immobilized groups.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A plataforma vibratória pode atenuar os efeitos deletérios da imobilização relacionados à atrofia muscular, contudo, ainda há uma lacuna com relação ao efeito desta modalidade na hiperalgesia relacionada ao imobilismo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da remobilização com plataforma vibratória sobre a nocicepção de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Dezesseis ratos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente no grupo GRL - imobilização e remobilização livre, e no grupo GRPV - imobilização e remobilização com plataforma vibratória. Para a remobilização com plataforma vibratória foi utilizada a frequência de 60Hz, durante 10 minutos, cinco dias por semana, durante duas semanas. A nocicepção foi avaliada na pata direita, por meio de um analgesímetro digital, antes e ao final da imobilização, e após duas semanas de remobilização. RESULTADOS: Houve diferenças entre as avaliações, mas não entre os grupos, indicando que a imobilização reduziu o limiar nociceptivo, e a remobilização livre e associada à vibração melhoraram o limiar nociceptivo comparados com o momento pós-imobilização, no entanto, não foram capazes de retornar aos parâmetros iniciais. CONCLUSÃO: A imobilização articular reduziu o limiar nociceptivo. No entanto, duas semanas de remobilização com a vibração de corpo inteiro não foram capazes de reverter o limiar nos grupos imobilizados.

Effects of Mechanical Vibration in Neuromuscular Junctions and Fiber Type of the Soleus Muscle of Oophorectomized Wistar Rats.

Objective To evaluate the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and the type of muscle fibers of the soleus muscle of oophorectomized Wistar rats submitted to a mechanical vibration protocol. Methods A total of 36 randomized rats were used in the pseudo-oophorectomy without and with treatment and oophorectomy without and with treatment groups. The treatment was performed with a vibratory platform, frequency of 60 Hz and duration of 10 minutes, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. At the end of the intervention period, the animals were euthanized and the soleus muscles were collected and processed for analysis of the NMJs and fiber type. The data were analyzed for normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test and analysis of the 3-way variance using the post-hoc Tukey test, when necessary, and a significance level of 5% was adopted. Results In the analysis of the NMJs, the oophorectomy group presented a smaller area than the pseudo-oophorectomy group, but the oophorectomy with treatment group was equal to the pseudo-oophorectomy with treatment group. For the larger diameter of the joints, the oophorectomy group was also different from the others; however, the oophorectomy and treatment animals were larger than those of the pseudo-oophorectomy and treatment group. There was no distinction of the types of fibers, with the muscle presenting fibers of the oxidative type. Conclusion Hormonal deprivation reduced the area and diameter of the NMJs, with reversion of this process in the groups that underwent vibratory platform treatment for 4 weeks, and both surgery and treatment did not influence the type of soleus muscle fiber, composed of oxidative fibers.

Effects of Mechanical Vibration in Neuromuscular Junctions and Fiber Type of the Soleus Muscle of Oophorectomized Wistar Rats / Efeitos da vibração mecânica nas junções neuromusculares e tipo de fibra do músculo sóleo de ratas wistar ooforectomizadas

Abstract Objective To evaluate the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and the type of muscle fibers of the soleus muscle of oophorectomized Wistar rats submitted to a mechanical vibration protocol. Methods A total of 36 randomized rats were used in the pseudo-oophorectomy without and with treatment and oophorectomy without and with treatment groups. The treatment was performed with a vibratory platform, frequency of 60 Hz and duration of 10 minutes, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. At the end of the intervention period, the animals were euthanized and the soleus muscles were collected and processed for analysis of the NMJs and fiber type. The data were analyzed for normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test and analysis of the 3-way variance using the post-hoc Tukey test, when necessary, and a significance level of 5% was adopted. Results In the analysis of the NMJs, the oophorectomy group presented a smaller area than the pseudo-oophorectomy group, but the oophorectomy with treatment group was equal to the pseudo-oophorectomy with treatment group. For the larger diameter of the joints, the oophorectomy group was also different from the others; however, the oophorectomy and treatment animals were larger than those of the pseudo-oophorectomy and treatment group. There was no distinction of the types of fibers, with the muscle presenting fibers of the oxidative type. Conclusion Hormonal deprivation reduced the area and diameter of the NMJs, with reversion of this process in the groups that underwent vibratory platform treatment for 4 weeks, and both surgery and treatment did not influence the type of soleus muscle fiber, composed of oxidative fibers.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as junções neuromusculares (JNMs) e o tipo de fibras musculares do músculo sóleo de ratas Wistar ooforectomizadas e submetidas a um protocolo de vibração mecânica. Métodos Foram utilizadas 36 ratas randomizadas nos grupos pseudo-ooforectomia sem e com tratamento e ooforectomia sem e com tratamento. O tratamento foi realizado com plataforma vibratória, frequência de 60 Hz e duração de 10 minutos, 3 vezes por semana, durante 4 semanas. Ao término do período de intervenção, os animais foram eutanasiados e os músculos sóleos coletados e processados para análise das JNMs e tipo de fibra. Os dados foram analisados quanto à normalidade pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk e análise da variância de 3 vias, utilizando o pós-teste de Tukey quando necessário, tendo sido adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Na análise das JNMs, o grupo ooforectomia apresentou área menor que o grupo pseudo-ooforectomia, porém o grupo ooforectomia tratado igualou-se ao grupo pseudo-ooforectomia tratado. Para o maior diâmetro das junções, o grupo ooforectomia também se apresentou diferente dos demais; porém, os animais do grupo ooforectomia tratado foram maiores que o grupo pseudo-ooforectomia tratado. Não houve distinção dos tipos de fibras, com o músculo apresentando fibras do tipo oxidativo. Conclusão A privação hormonal reduziu a área e o diâmetro das JNMs, com reversão deste processo nos grupos que realizaram o tratamento com plataforma vibratória durante 4 semanas e, ainda, tanto cirurgia quanto tratamento não influenciaram no tipo de fibra do músculo sóleo, composto por fibras oxidativas.

Morphological and nociceptive effects of mechanical vibration on the sciatic nerve of oophorectomized Wistar rats

Aim: To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration in the sciatic nerve of oophorectomized Wistar rats, on nociceptive and morphological parameters, such as fiber, axon, and myelin sheath diameters, G ratio, number of nerve fiber and nuclei of Schwann cells, and percentage of connective tissue. Method: Sixty-four rats were used in the groups sham-operate and oophorectomy (n = 32/group); after surgical procedures, each group was subdivided into four: euthanized in the 12th week, untreated and treated for four weeks; and euthanized in the 16th week, untreated and treated for eight weeks. The treatment with vibration was performed with a 60 Hz frequencies, for 10 minutes, three days a week, with duration of 4 or 8 weeks. Nociception was evaluated later, in the right paw, by means of a digital analgesimeter, prior to surgery, at the beginning and at the end of the protocol. After the trial period, the sciatic nerve was dissected for examination of the general morphology of the tissue and morphometric analysis; later, the animals were euthanized. Results: Regarding nociception and the morphometry of the sciatic nerve, independent of oophorectomy and treatment time, there was no statistically significant difference within and between groups. Also, the general morphology of the tissue in all groups had characteristics that were preserved. Conclusion: The mechanical vibration did not alter the nociceptive threshold and the morphological aspects of nerve fibers in oophorectomized Wistar rats.(AU)

Treinamento neuromuscular aquático com ênfase proprioceptiva: influência na potência mecânica muscular e na altura de salto / Aquatic neuromuscular training with proprioceptive emphasis: influence on muscle mechanical power and jump height

INTRODUÇÃO: Tarefas motoras treinadas em ambiente aquático parecem potencializar o sistema proprioceptivo. Porém, é necessário investigar o efeito do meio aquático no desempenho neuromuscular de atletas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção por exercícios neuromusculares funcionais aquáticos, com ênfase no sistema sensorial proprioceptivo, nas variáveis altura do salto e potência muscular, tendo a acuidade proprioceptiva como covariável. METODOLOGIA: Amostra composta por 14 homens universitários praticantes de futsal e dividida em grupo controle (GC/n=7) e grupo intervenção (GI/n=7). As variáveis potência mecânica muscular e altura do salto foram avaliadas por meio do teste de salto vertical de 60 segundos. A acuidade proprioceptiva foi avaliada pelo senso de posição articular e pela cinestesia quantificados pelo teste de percepção de movimentos passivos lentos (Tpassivo) e pelo teste de senso de posição articular (Tativo). As variáveis de desfecho foram mensuradas em dois momentos: antes e após a intervenção. A intervenção aquática foi aplicada durante seis semanas com três sessões em cada semana. RESULTADOS: Não houve efeito de grupo e nem do momento da avaliação na altura do salto, sendo que o GC alcançou altura de salto de 19,9±0,8 cm em comparação com o GI chegando a altura de 20,3±1,4 cm. Na potência mecânica muscular não houve efeito do momento, mas houve efeito do grupo, em que o GC apresentou potência de 366,2±17,6 W, enquanto GI apresentou 332,0±21,2 W, sendo menor que o GC. Nem o Tativo e nem o Tpassivo influenciaram a altura de salto e a potência mecânica muscular. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção de exercícios neuromusculares aquáticos funcionais, com ênfase na propriocepção não afetou nem a potência muscular nem a altura do salto, este resultado não foi influenciado pela acuidade proprioceptiva. [AU]

INTRODUCTION: Motor skills trained in aquatic environment seem to potentiate the proprioceptive system. However, it is necessary to investigate the effect of the aquatic environment on the neuromuscular performance of athletes. AIM: To evaluate the effect of an intervention by functional aquatic neuromuscular exercises, with emphasis on the proprioceptive sensory system, on the variables jump height and muscular power, with proprioceptive acuity as a covariate. METHODOLOGY: Sample composed of 14 college men practicing futsal and divided into control group (CG/n=7) and experimental group (EG/n=7). The variables mechanical muscle power and jump height were evaluated using the 60 seconds vertical jump test. Proprioceptive acuity was assessed by the sense of joint position and kinesthesia quantified by the slow passive sensory perception test (Tpassive) and by the joint position sense test (Tactive). The outcome variables were measured in two moments: before and after the intervention. The aquatic intervention was applied for six weeks with three sessions each week. RESULTS: There was no group effect nor of the moment at the time of the jump. In the muscular mechanical power, there was no effect of the moment, but there was an effect of the group, with the CG presenting higher values than the EG. Neither Tactive nor Tpassive influenced jump height and muscular mechanical power. CONCLUSION: The intervention of functional aquatic neuromuscular exercises with emphasis on proprioception affected neither muscular power nor jump height, this result was not influenced by proprioceptive acuity. [AU]